You know a health savings account (HSA) helps pay for out-of-pocket medical costs, but it may surprise you to learn that this tax-advantaged account could be a superior retirement savings vehicle, too. It has become ingrained in us that we should max out our 401(k) or other workplace-defined contribution plan as the best way to save for retirement. This is certainly good advice.
But should those health-cost savings plans also be maxed out in a similar fashion? Here is a look at what these accounts are, who can open one, and how to make the best use of an HSA for your retirement if you are fortunate enough to have one.
Key Takeaways
- The high-deductible health plan you need to qualify for a health savings account (HSA) may be more budget-friendly than it seems because premiums are so low.
- Unlike a flexible spending account, your HSA money is yours forever, and it’s portable.
- You can contribute to an HSA until you enroll in Medicare, even when you’re not working.
- Invest your HSA money; don’t just leave it in a savings account.
- Keep receipts for unreimbursed medical expenses since you can use them to get tax-free funds from your HSA—even years after you incurred the expenses.
What Is a Health Savings Account (HSA)?
HSAs are tax-advantaged savings accounts designed to help people who have high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) pay for out-of-pocket medical expenses. While these accounts have been available since 2004, too few eligible Americans are taking advantage of them.
According to a March 2019 report from the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI), anywhere from 21.8 million to 36.8 million people had HSA-eligible health insurance plans in 2018, but only 11%-22% of those individuals had opened an HSA. These types of high deductible health plans with HSAs are offered by about 26% of employers who offer health benefits as of 2020.
Moreover, people with HSAs had an average balance of just $3,221 in 2019—a pittance, considering that the allowable annual contribution in 2021 is $3,600 (rising to $3,650 in 2022) for those with individual health plans and $7,200 for those with family coverage (increasing to $7,300 in 2022).
In addition, only 7% of HSAs were in investment accounts other than cash as of 2019. EBRI found that virtually no one contributes the maximum, and nearly everyone takes current distributions to pay for medical expenses.
All of this means that consumers who have HSAs—as well as consumers who are eligible for HSAs but haven’t opened one—are missing out on an incredible option for funding their later years. It’s time to start a new trend.
Why Use an HSA for Retirement?
An HSA’s triple tax advantage, which is similar to that of a traditional 401(k) plan or IRA, makes it a top-notch way to save for retirement. HSAs are “the most tax-preferred account available,” writes Michael Kitces, former director of financial planning at Pinnacle Advisory Group Inc. in Columbia, Md. ”Using one to save for retirement medical expenses is a better strategy than using retirement accounts.”
Benefits of an HSA
Your contributions to an HSA can be made via payroll deductions, as well as from your own funds. If the latter, they are tax-deductible, even if you don’t itemize. If they’re made from your own funds, they’re considered to be made on a pre-tax basis, meaning that they reduce your federal and state income tax liability—and they’re not subject to FICA taxes, either.
Your account balance grows tax-free. Any interest, dividends, or capital gains you earn are nontaxable.
Any contributions your employer makes to your HSA do not have to be counted as part of your taxable income.
Withdrawals for qualified medical expenses are tax-free. This is a key way in which an HSA is superior to a traditional 401(k) or IRA as a retirement vehicle. Once you begin to withdraw funds from those plans, you pay income tax on that money, regardless of how the funds are being used.
Unlike a 401(k) or IRA, an HSA does not require the account holder to begin withdrawing funds at a certain age. The account can remain untouched as long as you like, although you are no longer allowed to contribute once you enroll in Medicare. You become eligible for Medicare at age 65.
What’s more, the balance can be carried over from year to year; you are not legally obligated to “use it or lose it,” as with a flexible spending account (FSA). An HSA can move with you to a new job, too. You own the account, not your employer, which means the account is fully portable and goes when and where you do.
Who Can Open an HSA?
To qualify for an HSA, you must have a high-deductible health plan and no other health insurance. You must not yet qualify for Medicare, and you cannot be claimed as a dependent on someone else’s tax return.
A primary concern many consumers have about foregoing a preferred provider organization (PPO), health maintenance organization (HMO) plan, or other health insurance in favor of a high-deductible health plan is that they will not be able to afford their medical expenses.
In 2021, the deductible for an HDHP is at least $1,400 for self-only coverage and $2,800 for family coverage (they remain the same in 2022). Depending on your coverage, your annual out-of-pocket expenses could run as high as $7,000 for individual coverage—or $14,000 for family coverage—under an HDHP (increasing to $7,050 and $14,100, respectively, in 2022). High expenses can be one reason these plans are more popular among affluent families who will benefit from the tax advantages and can afford the risk.
However, a lower-deductible plan such as a PPO could have high costs because you’re paying the extra money regardless of the size of your medical expenses that year. With an HDHP, by contrast, you’re spending more closely matches your actual healthcare needs.
Of course, if you know your healthcare costs are likely to be high—a woman who is pregnant, for instance, or someone with a chronic medical condition—a health plan with a high deductible may not be the best choice for you. But keep in mind that HDHPs completely cover some preventive care services before you meet your deductible.
All in all, an HDHP might be more budget-friendly than you think—especially when you consider its advantages for retirement. Let’s take a look at how you could be using the features of an HSA to more easily and more robustly fund your retirement.
Max out Contributions by Age 65
As mentioned above, your HSA contributions are tax-deductible until you sign up for Medicare. The 2021 contribution limits of $3,600 (self-only coverage) and $7,200 (family coverage) include employer contributions. The contribution limits are adjusted annually for inflation.
$7,300
The contribution limit for a family health savings account in 2022. The contribution limit for a self-only (individual) HSA is $3,650.
If you have an HSA and you’re 55 or older, you can make an extra “catch-up” contribution of $1,000 per year and a spouse who is 55 or older can do the same, provided each of you has your own HSA account.
You can contribute up to the maximum regardless of your income, and your entire contribution is tax-deductible. You can even contribute in years when you have no income. You can also contribute if you’re self-employed.
“Maxing out contributions before age 65 allows you to save for general retirement expenses beyond medical expenses,” says Mark Hebner, founder and president of Index Fund Advisors Inc. in Irvine, Calif., and author of Index Funds: The 12-Step Recovery Program for Active Investors.
“Although you will not receive the tax exemption,” Hebner adds, ”it gives retirees more access to more resources to fund general living expenses.”
Don’t Spend Your Contributions
This may sound counterintuitive, but we’re looking at an HSA primarily as an investment tool. Granted, the basic idea behind an HSA is to give people with a high-deductible health plan a tax break to make their out-of-pocket medical expenses more manageable.
But that triple tax advantage means that the best way to use an HSA is to treat it as an investment tool that will improve your financial picture in retirement. And the best way to do that is to never spend your HSA contributions during your working years and pay cash out of pocket for your medical bills.
In other words, think of your HSA contributions the same way you think of your contributions to any other retirement account: untouchable until you retire. Remember, the IRS does not require you to take distributions from your HSA in any year, before or during retirement.
If you absolutely must spend some of your contributions before retirement, be sure to spend them on qualified medical expenses. These distributions are not taxable. If you are forced to spend the money on anything else before you’re 65, you will pay a 20% penalty and you will also pay income tax on those funds.
Invest Your Contributions Wisely
The key to maximizing your unspent contributions, of course, is to invest them wisely. Your investment strategy should be similar to the one you’re using for your other retirement assets, such as a 401(k) plan or an IRA. When deciding how to invest your HSA assets, make sure to consider your portfolio as a whole so that your overall diversification strategy and risk profile are where you want them to be.
Your employer might make it easy for you to open an HSA with a particular administrator, but the choice of where to put your money is yours. An HSA is not as restrictive as a 401(k); it’s more like an IRA. Since some administrators only let you put your money in a savings account, where you’ll barely earn any interest, make sure to shop around for a plan with high-quality, low-cost investment options, such as Vanguard or Fidelity funds.
How Much Could You Receive?
Let’s do some simple math to see how handsomely this HSA savings and investment strategy can pay off. We’ll use something close to a best-case scenario and say that you’re currently 21, you make the maximum allowable contribution every year to a self-only plan, and you contribute every year until you’re 65. We’ll assume that you invest all your contributions and automatically reinvest all your returns in the stock market, earning an average annual return of 8% and that your plan has no fees. By retirement, your HSA would have more than $1.2 million.
What about a more conservative estimate? Suppose you’re now 40 years old and you only put in $100 per month until you’re 65, earning an average annual return of 3%. You’d still end up with nearly $45,000 by retirement. Try out an online HSA calculator to play with the numbers for your own situation.
Maximize Your HSA Assets
Here are some options for using your accumulated HSA contributions and investment returns in retirement. Remember, distributions for qualified medical expenses are not taxable, so you want to use the money exclusively for those expenses if possible. There are no required minimum distributions, so you can keep the money invested until you need it.
If you do need to use the distributions for another purpose, they will be taxable. However, after age 65, you won’t owe the 20% penalty. Using HSA assets for purposes other than qualified medical expenses is generally less detrimental to your finances once you’ve reached retirement age because you may be in a lower tax bracket if you’ve stopped working, reduced your hours, or changed jobs.
In this way, an HSA is effectively the same as a 401(k) or any other retirement account, with one key difference: There is no requirement to begin withdrawing the money at age 72. So you don’t have to worry about saving too much in your HSA and not being able to use it all effectively.
Timing Is Everything
By waiting as long as possible to spend your HSA assets, you maximize your potential investment returns and give yourself as much money as possible to work with. You’ll also want to consider market fluctuations when taking distributions, the same way you would when taking distributions from an investment account. You obviously want to avoid selling investments at a loss to pay for medical expenses.
Choose a Beneficiary
When you open your HSA, you will be asked to designate a beneficiary to whom any funds still in the account should go upon your death. If you’re married, the best person to choose is your spouse because they can inherit the balance tax-free. (As with any investment with a beneficiary, however, you should revisit your designations from time to time because death, divorce, or other life changes may alter your choices.)
Anyone else you leave your HSA to will be subject to tax on the plan’s fair market value when they inherit it. Your plan administrator will have a designation-of-beneficiary form you can fill out to formalize your choice.
Pay Health Expenses in Retirement
Fidelity Investments’ most recent Retirement Health Care Cost survey calculates that the cost of healthcare throughout retirement for a couple who both turn 65 in 2021 is $300,000, up from $285,000 in 2019 and $295,000 in 2020. Funds captured in an HSA can help out with such skyrocketing costs.
Qualified payments for which tax-free HSA withdrawals can be made include:
- Office-visit copayments
- Health insurance deductibles
- Dental expenses
- Vision care (eye exams and eyeglasses)
- Prescription drugs and insulin
- Medicare premiums
- A portion of the premiums for a tax-qualified long-term care insurance policy
- Hearing aids
- Hospital and physical therapy bills
- Wheelchairs and walkers
- X-rays
You can also use your HSA balance to pay for in-home nursing care, retirement community fees for lifetime care, long-term care services, nursing home fees, and meals and lodging that are necessary while obtaining medical care away from home. You can even use your HSA for modifications, such as ramps, grab bars, and handrails, that make your home easier to use as you age.
One strategy might be to bunch qualified medical costs into a single year and tap the HSA for tax-free funds to pay them, compared with withdrawing from other retirement accounts that would trigger taxable income.
“Using HSA money to pay for medical expenses and long-term care insurance in retirement is a great benefit for investors given the tax exemption on any withdrawals made to fund either,” says Hebner. ”In other words, it’s the most cost-effective way to fund those expenses because they provide investors the highest after-tax value.”
Also, note that there are limitations on how much you can pay tax-free for long-term care insurance based on your age.
Reimburse Yourself for Expenses
With an HSA you are not required to take a distribution to reimburse yourself in the same year you incur a particular medical expense. The key limitation is that you can’t use an HSA balance to reimburse yourself for medical expenses you incurred before you established the account.
So keep your receipts for all healthcare expenses you pay out of pocket after you establish your HSA. If in your later years, you find yourself with more money in your HSA than you know what to do with, you can use your HSA balance to reimburse yourself for those earlier expenses.
Warnings About HSA Retirement Use
The strategies described in this article are based on federal tax law. Most states follow federal tax law when it comes to HSAs, but yours may not. As of the 2020 tax year, California taxes HSA contributions. Even if you live in a state that taxes HSAs, however, you’ll still get the federal tax benefits.
The taxation of these plans could change in the future at either the state or federal levels. The plans could even be eliminated altogether, but if that happens, we would likely see the existing account holders exempted, as was the case with Archer MSAs.
The Bottom Line
A health savings account, available to consumers who choose a high-deductible health plan, has been largely overlooked as an investment tool, but with its triple tax advantage, it provides an excellent way to save, invest, and take distributions without paying taxes.
The next time you’re choosing a health insurance plan, take a closer look at whether a high-deductible health plan might work for you. If so, open an HSA and start contributing as soon as you’re eligible. By maximizing your contributions, investing them, and leaving the balance untouched until retirement, you’ll generate a significant addition to your other retirement options.
Of course, you can’t let the savings tail wag the medical dog. Hoarding your HSA monies rather than attending to your health is not recommended. However, if you’re financially able to use post-tax dollars for your current healthcare costs while saving your pre-tax HSA dollars for later, you could build a nice nest egg for your use in retirement.